Small group communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Little gathering correspondence - Essay Example The film included a gathering of workers who obviously lost their annuity to a plan brought about by a representative inhabitant, Alan Alda (Arthur Shaw), of the structure where they are utilized. The gathering is at first made out of Ben Stiller (Josh), Casey Affleck (Charlie) and Michael Pena (Enrique). They looked for the assistance of a crook, Eddie Murphy (Slide), a businessperson who failed, Matthew Broderick (Mr. Fitzhugh), and a female worker Gabourey Sidibe (Odessa), to take the cash that they saw was covered up in the loft unit of Shaw. The powerful collective choice creation that was displayed in the film are as per the following: (1) the conceptualization stage where issue distinguishing proof was started and where a proposed arrangement was considered; (2) bunch development stage where individuals from the gathering were deliberately chosen by the jobs and obligations that would be embraced; (3) holding bunch gatherings to plainly set up the game plan, methodologies, and assignment of errands; (4) firm cooperation and joint effort of individuals to effectively actualize the planned arrangement; and (5) successful authority style and responsibility to activities that were attempted (Rothwell). Then again, the insufficient dynamic exercises include: (1) absence of trust which added to a couple of individuals to go amiss from the arrangement; (2) absence of research to precisely approve presumptions (the individuals imagined that the taken cash was covered up in a hid vault); (3) failure to get ready for occasions which were spontaneous yet might occur; and (4) inclinations for showing bunch think (Rothwell). The incapable dynamic procedures noted above were away from of shortcomings in brought together deduction, absence of trust in each members’ capacities to carry out the responsibilities appointed and doled out, just as a part of close-mindedness. As per

Cause and Effect Anime free essay sample

Individuals like to watch anime since it is fascinating to watch and have heaps of classification. The character of each character is ideal for every kind and for the storyline of the anime. Anime is alluded as â€Å"Japanese Animation†. Anime can make an impact people. The impact can be awful or acceptable. Some case of the pessimistic impact is individuals pulled back from public activity, become an over the top individual, and they cause the character of the character to be their personality.People to can be a hikikomori (individuals decide to pull back from public activity) on the off chance that they observe an excess of anime. They said watch anime is an outlet for the individuals who don't have a chance to communicate and furthermore for the individuals who need to get away from reality even only for a brief timeframe. They become closed to others and invest more energy in the room. Anime can make individuals need to observe more anime. We will compose a custom exposition test on Circumstances and logical results Anime or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For instance, my companion didn't care for anime by any stretch of the imagination, however after he watching anime just because, he can not quit watching anime any longer. Individuals who invest most energy to watch anime can turn into a fanatical individual. For instance, my companion watching anime practically all the time he have. He prefers the character of character named Yui in anime K-ON, at that point he purchased an assortment figures of that character. The more regrettable is they searching for organization dependent on the character. Individuals like to impersonate the entire conduct of the character that they like the most in that anime.In other word, they need to turn into the character of that anime. In the event that the character they like is an opponent or the scoundrels in that anime, they can begin to act like that character in genuine world or they make their character to coordinate the character. For instance, they like anime Detective Conan, and they like character named GIN from the dark association. The character of this character is he wouldn't fret murdering individuals who can turn into an impediment to accomplish his goal.They begin to impersonate all the conduct of GIN including the conduct of executing individuals in the event that they feel that individual as an obstruction to accomplish his objective. As should be obvious, the negative impact of the anime is more than the great impact. They can make individuals to close from public activity, contrast others character and the character of the anime, and they make his character equivalent to the character they like, yet we can not live without it since watching anime is one sort of side interest as well.

How to plan for your recommendation letters COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

How to plan for your recommendation letters COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The letters of recommendation from the right people address your potential and strengthen your application, thus boosting your chance of getting into good programs. However, the process of getting the good letters could be also stressful. So here are some tips I would love to share for recommendation letters. 1. Select people who know you the best and truly wish you success SIPA prefers that your three references be a mix of academic and professional contacts. You should select people who know you and your work well enough to comment on it and will speak highly of you. It is recommended that when getting a reference from a job, choose someone who was in a position of authority over you and who viewed your work firsthand. 2. Be strategic if you are away from school for a long time or you don’t have professional experience For me, I worked for about five years before coming to SIPA. So I thought it is better for me to get all the three letters from my professional contacts. Thus, I got two letters from my supervisors in two companies which I worked for, and one from a director in a media company where I volunteered for a long time after  college. I thought this was the best possible combination that I could have at that time, rather than reaching out to my undergraduate professors. If you don’t have professional experience but have relevant internship experience, it may be a good idea to ask for a letter from your supervisor in an organization where you did an internship. Keep in mind the Admissions Office recommends anyone  out of school less than three years (possibly five) obtain at least one academic reference. 3. Provide your recommenders as much information as possible The best letters don’t come for free. You should do your best to ensure you have the best possible letters by providing your recommenders with as much information as you can. If it’s your professor, send along a current resume and a piece of writing or assignment that you did in the professor’s class. For both academic and professional contacts, I recommend you include a draft of your personal statement, so that they will know what you are planning for your future career.   You should also provide a description of SIPA so that they get a better sense of what kind of degree you’re pursuing. I would also recommend you encourage them to reference SIPA and your degree program by name to give the letter another level of specificity  for the admissions committee. 4. Ask them early and keep good manners throughout the process Most recommenders are busy people so ask them early to give them enough time to write a letter. Some people might argue that no matter how early you ask, they will start writing nearly toward the deadlines. Even though it is true, it is better to inform them that you need a letter beforehand. Keep in mind that it is also different from asking a letter five days before the deadline versus one month before the deadline. In addition, it is a good idea to send a thank you note after the recommender has written the letter. When you are informed of the admissions decision, don’t forget to send another batch of thank you notes, regardless of whether you get into the programs or not. You may need them again! It is true that you will never be able to have a complete control over the content of your recommendation letters.   But by carefully selecting your recommenders, and making effort to inform them about your background and plans, you will ensure supportive letters that will meet the needs of your application. [Photo courtesy of Rena Sung |  After I got accepted, I flew to Singapore where he is based on to say thank you. The photo was taken at a restaurant with my recommender and another supervisor.]

Week 2 Paper - 1829 Words

Nursing theories and their importance in nursing Jennifer J. Wilson Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Instructor Berens 1/12/15 Nursing Theory is often defined as,† an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing† (Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing, 2012). Nursing theories can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize what and how much that nurses do contribute to the healthcare field. I never did realize how important theories in nursing practice could be until I became a nursing student myself. Nurses use theories in their everyday practice, but never think about them as being†¦show more content†¦Nightingale’s theory has made a difference in healthcare over the years and still has an impact on healthcare today. Views of Nursing Theory on a Specialization The patient is at the center of the Nightingale model, which shows a holistic view of the person as someone with psychological, intellectual, and spiritual components. This is evidenced by her acknowledgment of the importance of variety. For example, she wrote of â€Å"the degree . . . to which the nerves of the sick suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceiling, the same surroundings† (Nightingale, 1860). A nurse was defined as any woman who had â€Å"charge of the personal health of somebody† whether well, as in caring for babies and children, or sick, as an â€Å"invalid† (Nightingale, 1860). Above all, nursing was â€Å"service to God in relief of man†; it was a â€Å"calling† and â€Å"God’s work† (Bostridge, 2008). All nursing actions were guided by the nurses’ caring, which was guided by underlying ideas about God. Nightingale placed spiritual needs of the patient right at the top along with caring for the patient. She taught about obedience in relation to nursing and this revealed that she was creating a profession that was based on the role of wife and mother. In her teaching, she tried to concentrate more on the lifestyle and moral conduct of the nurses, rather than their professional skills. The measurement of the art of nursing could not be accomplishedShow MoreRelatedweek 2 paper ENG2251304 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The movie I will write about is the The Purge Anarchy. I would say have more than one genre. I would say that the genres are action, horror and thriller. Action movies are movies that have a tremendous impact, continue high energy and lots of physical activities. 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Rhetorical Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The American...

‘America’ is a complex, layered idea; one that becomes all the more complex when the deeply embedded construct of race comes into play. As a black man born into a time of overt racial prejudice, Langston Hughes was all too familiar with the double consciousness that came with life as an American minority. This roller coaster is the subject of the vast majority of his literary work and has continued to be a major presence and inspiration for literary work everywhere today. Hughes shows a deep loyalty to the ideals that brought the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights into fruition and, through repeated motifs of the American Dream, seeks to bring about calm in a time of social and political unrest. The poem â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† â€Å"Afro-American Fragment,† and â€Å"As I Grow Older,† are a few of the most vivid examples of his ideals through poetry. Analyzing these poems through cluster criticism supports Donald B. Gi bson’s conclusion that â€Å"Hughes’ commitment to the American ideal was deep†¦and abiding. He held on to it despite his acute awareness of the inequities of democracy, and he seemed to feel that in time justice would prevail, that the promises of the dream would be fulfilled† (45). Hughes felt that the oppression of him and his people by a white supremacy was coming to an end and was ready to receive the justice that had been constantly denied to his people. Cluster analysis, created by Kenneth Burke, finds the writer’s worldview within a text.Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The American Dream 3454 Words   |  14 Pagesovert racial prejudice, Langston Hughes was all too familiar with the double consciousness that came with life as an American minority. This roller coaster is the subject of the vast majority of his literary work and has continued to be a major presence and inspiration for literary work everywhere today. Hughes shows a deep loyalty to the ideals that brought the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights into fruition and, through repeated motifs of the American Dream, seeks to bring about

Marketing research Free Essays

For starting any new business, a great source of information about product research, manufacturing methods,   market conditions and demand for new product in the market and whether the new business would be appealing to customers as well to the entrepreneur are some of the basic concepts that an entrepreneur must study in detail before venturing into a new business. Whether it is a safety pin or an ear cleaning bud, every thing is a matter of choice and pride for a customer. Keeping this fact in view, an entrepreneur must carefully launch the chosen product into market and make a big success by satisfying and meeting the requirement of a customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business is always a dual procedure of give-n-take-n-give, generally explaining whereas in business language buy-sell and demand-supply.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the scenario of business has changed in these globalized times, the fundamental concepts of business and approach to starting a new business did not change in any manner and in fact more market research has been done to understand the psychology of a customer and the up and down trends of markets. â€Å"The systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data relating to the marketing of goods and services†. (The American Marketing Association AMA, 1961)   Another way of explaining the term â€Å"marketing research† would be   acquisition of information by entrepreneurs through the medium of conducting surveys, collecting opinions, evaluation of marketing performance and assessing the trend of product market in every particular area.   Marketing research is performed in order to provide a view to entrepreneurs as to where to start the business and at which level i.e. at manufacturing level or marketing level   . Manufacturing level brings new products into the market whereas only marketing  level, brings another brand of product to compete with the existing brands in the market.   In this paper, entrepreneur is venturing into the business   of manufacture of disposable shower caps in spite of the fact that this product is already existing in the market.   The basic reason for launching this business is, the demand and consumer market for shower caps is greater than the present supply. Entrepreneur would like to manufacture and supply shower caps   at a low cost. Market research on shower caps indicates there are huge number of companies in many countries, viz., U.S, Europe, Japan and in many Asian countries. Considering the fact that globally there is a billion population, a total head count of one billion heads require shower caps while taking   a shower. The capacity of existing manufacturing   companies is definitely not   in a position to meet the demand of shower caps and with this analysis, entrepreneur would like to launch into this business offering two big advantages to the customers. The first being the pricing of disposal shower caps would be at $0.50 cents whereas the present market price of a shower cap is quoted at $1.50 for each piece and for three piece set it is quoted $1.00. [1]   These shower caps are beautifully designed in various colors whereas the present entrepreneur would be using a polythene sheet material   which is easy to use and low in pricing easily affordable for every customer which is the pricing is quoted at $0.50 cents.   Further these shower caps branded as â€Å"takeoff† are marketed to various retails shops of personal care products, offering a 10ml bathing gel as a free gift in the initial stage of its launch and later after a period of six months, for every purchase of six piece of shower cap the price would be $2.50 cents i.e. a discount of $0.50 cents on every bulk pack of shower cap. These shower caps can be used for children, young boy and girls apart from men and women and even elderly and ageing people can use for many purposes of dyeing hair, coloring hair or in conditioning hair styles apart from using in regular showers. The above discussion details about the present market trend of shower caps and the margin of success of entrepreneur receives when new brand of â€Å"takeoff† shower caps are launched into the market whereas entrepreneur must collect data about competitors pricing, method of manufacturing, markets and areas covered and the psychology of consumer. Further entrepreneur must also collect data about the opinions of customers by survey of these disposable shower caps   to find out how satisfying and attractive these shower caps are apart from its usage and pricing.   SWOT analysis , study of 4Ws and 1H (what, when, where, why and How) 4P’s of marketing product, place, price and promotion and sources of financing.   This is the primary requirement for starting a new business. An in-depth study of marketing research is more benefiting for the entrepreneur with the fact that, even for launching new personal care products in future, this marketing research would be more useful in creating successful market, satisfying customers and in making profits from business. Successful marketing research do not conclude a fact that there are no warning areas which turn a business into a failure either in manufacturing, finances or in consumer market.   Therefore, keeping these sensitive areas of failure, entrepreneur has to be   cautious in following marketing research by test-check methods in order to prevent critical areas   and to stabilize the product in the market.   Further, it is required to understand the trend of market   for present and for future and accordingly launch product into the market.   For instance, what are the marketing strategies,   what are the forecasting figures of sales for a period of one year or two years, how to launch advertising, is it required, or door-to-door campaign and selling is suitable for this product, how to appoint marketing executives, such as these important issues have to be clearly analyzed by entrepreneur in marketing research. Especially marketing strategies and marketing concepts have to be analyzed in terms of launching a product into the market, such as entry timing,   risk concepts,   sinking-the-boat-risk,   missing-the-boat-risk and models of marketing strategies such as marketing decisions, marketing training, product portfolio, customer portfolio and mapping techniques.   It is also important to consider here that the budget for market research should be proportionate to the significance and finance of business that is being invested by the entrepreneur. Theoretically there are two approaches to marketing research. (1) quantitative (2) qualitative   Quantitative marketing research begins with â€Å"how many† or â€Å"how much† whereas qualitative marketing research begins with â€Å"why† or â€Å"how†.   Quantitative research considers decisions by conducting surveys whereas qualitative research considers decisions based on observations or opinion feedback or conversation with customers. Conclusion A clear data collection about market, interests and opinions from customers, goals and objectives of business would first stabilize the business in the market, and at   gradual pace business picks up whatever may be category of product that is launched into the market. References David J. Snepenger,   Marketing Research for Entrepreneurs and Small Business Managers Accessed February 2, 2008 Paul Reynolds, Marketing Made Simple Accessed February 1, 2008 from   http://books.google.com/books?id=yU9Aym_haLcCpg=PA190lpg=PA190dq=market+research+made+easysource=webots=vALv-ddcH_sig=_rtZnnjA9xX52dFr8OyCtskHesU [1] http://pc-link.biz/shower/ How to cite Marketing research, Essays Marketing research Free Essays Behavioral data about customers actions and interaction with the organization e. G. They are data about consumers’ buying habits, brand preferences, and product usage. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Volunteered data surveys and questionnaires 3. Attributed data from marketing research studies. They are data that represents an individual characteristic or a count. Examples : the presence or absence of a required label on a product, no. Of people goes to movie no average or ranking 4. Profile data linking with other sources stereographic profiling systems, lifestyle databases unit 9 P. 95 Let me show you an example of a SPAS data set – a collection of related information This is the role to provide high quality of information to management. Unit 9 3/17 Socializing status Age Martial Status Education Occupation Income Living location Frequency of traveling per month Frequency of watching movie in cinema Expenditure on wine Use of technology What kinds of mobile phone do you use? Unit 94/17 The Integration of Marketing Research 1 Customer databases 2 Customer databases are very important because of the following reasons. As a source of marketing intelligence On customer purchase behavior Customer loyalty (length of relationship, value) Customer response to marketing communications, new products, price changes Data Gathering Discover Hidden Pattern Includes information from other internal sources, such as: sales, customer satisfaction, complaints, advertising spend, previous promotional campaigns, previous research studies Now Traditionally Let me show you an example Still prevalent but now feeding the databases As marketing decision support systems creates an interactive system to assist in analysis of marketing issues through: doodling, trends, forecasts, statistical evaluation real-time reports and critical incident alerts by computer How do we collect and handle data ? Survey Observation Databases identify respondents and topics Make Forecast Hard Copy Outdated Describe Facts unit 9 5/17 Database Customers Competitors Markets There is new term to replace this in Not Necessary now !! Why ? World it is Credit cards, Octopus cards, online shopping, Internet from text in Wilson (2006) by McLeod 2010 Adapted surfing can all record our shopping behavior. Unit 96/17 Marketing Research 2 In the past, surveys were used to get information on customer behavior, awareness levels, attitudes Now, organizations often hold significant amounts of data on customers In conducting market research, marketing information should analyze the macro as well as micro environment. How to cite Marketing research, Essays Marketing Research Free Essays Layout 1. Introduction of coca cola beverage (discovery ,formation ,business etc ) 2. Product mix (name of products and there discriptions ) 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pricing strategies 4. Product life cycle for coke 5. Conclusion Intro India has proved to be perhaps the toughest battle ground for the Cola giants. Coca-Cola was the 1st international soft drinks brand to enter India in early 1970’s. Indian market was dominated by domestic brands, with Limca being the largest selling brand. Cola was the largest selling flavor with market share of 40%, Lemon drinks 31% and orange drinks only 19%. Up till 1977, Coca-cola was the leading soft drink brand in India. But due to norms set by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), Coca-Cola left India and did not return till 1993 after a 16 year absence from the Indian beverage market. FERA needed Coca-Cola to reveal its secret concentrate formula as well as reduce its equity stake which was not acceptable. The Coca-Cola Company re-entered India through its wholly owned subsidiary, Coca-Cola India Private Limited and re-launched Coca-Cola in 1993 after the opening up of the Indian economy to foreign investments in 1991. Since then its operations have grown rapidly through a model that supports bottling operations, both company owned as well as locally owned and includes over 7,000 Indian distributors and more than 1. 7 million retailers. Today, our brands are the leading brands in most beverage segments. The Coca-Cola Company’s brands in India include Coca-Cola, Fanta Orange, Limca, Sprite, Thums Up, Burn, Kinley, Maaza, Minute Maid Pulpy Orange, Minute Maid Nimbu Fresh and the Georgia Gold range of teas and coffees and Vitingo (a beverage fortified with micro-nutrients). In India, the Coca-Cola system comprises of a wholly owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company namely Coca-Cola India Pvt Ltd which manufactures and sells concentrate and beverage bases and powdered beverage mixes, a Company-owned bottling entity, namely, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt Ltd; thirteen authorized bottling partners of The Coca-Cola Company, who are authorized to prepare, package, sell and distribute beverages under certain specified trademarks of The Coca-Cola Company; and an extensive distribution system comprising of our customers, distributors and retailers. Coca-Cola India Private Limited sells concentrate and beverage bases to authorized bottlers who are authorized to use these to produce our portfolio of beverages. These authorized bottlers independently develop local markets and distribute beverages to grocers, small retailers, supermarkets, restaurants and numerous other businesses. In turn, these customers make our beverages available to consumers across India. The Coca-Cola Company has invested nearly USD 2 billion in its operations in India since its re-entry back into India in 1992. The Coca-Cola system in India directly employs over 25,000 people including those on contract. The system has created indirect employment for more than 1,50,000 people in related industries through its vast procurement, supply and distribution system. We strive to ensure that our work environment is safe and inclusive and that there are plentiful opportunities for our people in India and across the world. The beverage industry is a major driver of economic growth. A National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) study on the carbonated soft-drink industry indicates that this industry has an output multiplier effect of 2. . This means that if one unit of output of beverage is increased, the direct and indirect effect on the economy will be twice of that. In terms of employment, the NCAER study notes that â€Å"an extra production of 1000 cases generates an extra employment of 410 man days. † Product mix Product pricing the pricing Strategy a business will use will have t o focus on achieving the marketing plan’s objectives and support the positioning of the product, and take external factors such as economic conditions and competitors in to account. There are 5 strategies available to business: Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Loss leaders, Price Points and Discounts. Over the years Coca Cola has used Penetration Pricing as a way of grabbing a foothold in the market and won a market share. It’s product penetrated the marketplace. Once customer loyalty is established as seen with Coca Cola it is then able to slowly raise the price of its product. There has been a fierce pricing rivalry between Coca Cola and Pepsi products as each company competes for customer recognition and satisfaction. Till now it appears as if Coke has come up on top, although in order to gain long term profits Coke had to sacrifise short term profits where in some cases it either went under of just broke even, but as seen it has been all for the best. Pricing Methods Good pricing decisions are based on an analysis of what target customers expect to pay, and what they perceive as good quality. If the price is too high, consumers will spend their money on other goods and services. If the price is too low, the firm can lose money and go out of business. Pricing methods include: Cost based Pricing, Market based pricing and Competition based Pricing. Over the years Coca has lost ground here in it’s pricing but has regained it’s strength as it employed the Competition-based pricing method which allowed it to compete more effectively in the soft drink market. Leader follower pricing occurs when there is one quite powerful business in the market which is thought to be the market leader. The business will tend to have a larger market share, loyal customers and some technological edge, thus the case currently with Coke, it was first the follower but through effective management has now become the leader of the market and is working towards achieving the marketing objectives of the Coca Cola. Survival in the market place, own 60 % of market share by 2007, increase further awareness of product and a return on 20% on capital employed for August 2007. Coca-Cola is a behemoth of an organisation with over 3,500 products expanding to over 200 countries. The success of Coke is in part because of its successful pricing strategies. Coca-Cola’s strategies include stabilising prices, unveiling customised products to new markets and engaging in price discrimination. Hedging The primary ingredients of Coca-Cola’s most popular beverage, Coke, include corn syrup and sugar. One of its pricing strategies is hedging corn, which can be a volatile commodity. When droughts occur, farming regulations change or the dollar grows weaker, the price of any commodity can swing wildly. These fluctuations create instability for businesses reliant on the commodity as a main input for their productions. By locking in the price of this commodity, the business removes the uncertainty of changing prices due to market forces. Coca-Cola hedges corn syrup by establishing a price in advance, thereby keeping the value of the commodity stable. Michael Czinkota, author of â€Å"Fundamentals of International Business,† explains how Coca-Cola hedges foreign currency as well — in 2000, its strategy yielded ? 56 million in additional revenue. Seasonal Pricing Coca-Cola changes the price of its products depending on the season. Soda goes on sale during Thanksgiving, Super Bowl Sunday, Fourth of July and other holidays. This is in part because competitors lower prices during this time as a way to get customers to purchase their products. Additionally, grocery stores lower the price of soda during these times because of its high profit margin. By getting consumers in the store to purchase Coke at a discount, the store hopes they will buy other items on the shelves. Thus, a common pricing strategy of Coke is capitalising on the increased consumer demand during these occasions by lowering prices. Plc When referring to each and every product or service ever placed before the consumer i. e. in the long term all the existing products and services are dead. For e. g. – Replacement of Ford Cortina ( a highly successful car) by Ford Sierra, the replacement of sierra by the Ford Mondeo and the replacement of the old Mondeo by the new Mondeo in 2001. So every product is born, grows, matures and dies. So in the commercial market place products and services are created, launched and withdrawn in a process known as Product Life Cycle. To be able to market its product properly, a business must be aware of the product life cy cle of its product. The standard product life cycle tends to have five phases: Development, Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. Coca-Cola is currently in the maturity stage, which is evidenced primarily by the fact that they have a large, loyal group of stable customers. Furthermore, cost management, product differentiation and marketing have become more important as growth slows and market share becomes the key determinant of profitability. In foreign markets the product life cycle is in more of a growth trend Coke’s advantage in this area is mainly due to its establishment strong branding and it is now able to use this area of stable profitability to subsidize the domestic Cola Wars. Insert the picture of the product lifecycle Coca-Cola is currently going through the maturity stage. This maturity stage lasts longer than all other stages. Management has to pay special attention to products during this stage of the product life-cycle. Since its beginning in the spring of 1886 Coca-Cola has become the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world. Created in Atlanta, Georgia by Dr. John S. Pemberton, Coca-Cola was first offered as a fountain beverage by mixing Coca-Cola syrup with carbonated water. The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverages in the world. The Company and its subsidiaries employ nearly 31,000 people around the world. Its headquarters is in Atlanta, Georgia During the maturity stage, products usually go through a slowdown in sales growth. According to Coca-Cola’s 2001 annual report, sales have increased by 1. 02% compared to last year. This percentage has no comparison to the high level of growth Coca-Cola enjoyed during its growth stage. Conclusion How to cite Marketing Research, Essays Marketing Research Free Essays If research in the management area cannot be 100 percent scientific, why bother to do it at all? Comment on this statement Research in the management area that is dealing with human behavior cannot be 100 percent scientific. However, such research is necessary and useful for detecting problems and coming up with solutions to ensure that problems do not get out of control. Management research makes a valuable contribution in as much that it can help organizations function smoothly and effectively and help managers and individuals at all levels in experience a better organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Critique the following research done in a service industry as to the extent to which it meets the hallmarks of scientific investigation discussed. The problem had to be attended to very quickly and the results are expected to be fairly accurate with at least 85 percent chance of success in problem solving. Purposiveness : The phone company has started with a definite aim or purpose for the research. The purpose is to improve telephone service because of a complaint. The company wanted to pinpoint the specific problems and take corrective action. Rigor : A good theoretical base and a sound methodological design would add rigor to a purposive study. The company did not get too much into the theoretical basis. The theory was developed based on existing circumstances. So it cannot be considered in the terms of rigor. Testability : Valid if, after talking to a random selection of employees of the organization and study of the previous research done in the area takes place. However, we cannot be sure since the basic theory is developed by the company. Replicability : These experiments can be applied to other companies that have a similar problem, but the truth is still questionable because real theory is not yet known. Precision and confidence : Precision and confidence is still in doubt because the theory used is not yet the ultimate theory and has not been proven true. Objectivity : The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective. According to the research, the theory developed includes objective data sample consisting of 100 costumers. Generalizability : It refers to the scope of applicability of the research finding in one organizational setting to other settings. This experiment can be used for companies that have similar problems. Parsimory : Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problems that occur, and in generating solutions for the problems. The experiment is simple when viewed from the manner of workmanship and the number of samples. How to cite Marketing Research, Papers Marketing Research Free Essays Are people aware who Jim Mitchell is? Do people know Jim Mitchell intentions/goals for running? Who are the other candidates running for governor? How many registered voters are in the state? On a scale from 1-10, what is your intention on voting? 2. The purpose of the research project should assess whether the company should change the product line and focus more toward the young buyer generation. What is the buying power for the young generation? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. The research purpose of this study should show why Crystal-Clear Lens has not en able to obtain breakable sales after being in the market for more than 5 years. B. The research purpose comprises an understanding between the manager and the researcher of identifying problems or opportunities that need to be studied, decision alternatives that need to be evaluated, and users of the research results. The research objective is a statement of what information Is needed. In this case, the purpose of the research Is to show why the reasons why the company has not been able to meet sales/breakable. The research objective will provide a solution/ opportunity to the problem. C. Are people aware of Crystal-Clear Lens? Is there any coupons being offered for first time customers? Does Crystal-Clear Lens have any partnerships with opticians? Is Crystal-Clear Lens offering express mail? What customers are you targeting? D. Hypothesis: If people are not aware of Crystal-Clear Lens, advertising to customers will be a good Idea to create awareness. Hypothesis: Coupons are a great Incentive to get people to go to your store. Customers love the Idea of getting a good deal. Chapter 4 4. Moving forward with the exploratory study, I would use qualitative research to show how the new, automatic Inventory control procedure will be beneficial for the company. I would ask the following questions: How can our service be Improved? What are some ways we can manage production effectively? 10. I think the descriptive design would be the most appropriate for this case. Research purpose: The purpose of the study Is to show If the new flavored Ice cream will be a successful product. Research questions: What kind of Ice cream does the premium market buy and who buys our brand? What Is our current Image? Where do people buy our products? Hypothesis: Older people buy our brand, whereas the younger generation buy from competitors. Marketing Research By chunkymunky726 1. Are people aware who Jim Mitchell is? Research objective is a statement of what information is needed. In this case, the purpose of the research is to show why the reasons why the company has not been will be a good idea to create awareness. Hypothesis: Coupons are a great incentive to get people to go to your store. Customers love the idea of getting a good deal. Show how the new, automatic inventory control procedure will be beneficial for the company. I would ask the following questions: How can our service be improved? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to show if the new flavored ice cream will be a successful product. Research questions: What kind of ice cream does the premium market buy and who buys our brand? What is our current image? How to cite Marketing Research, Essays

Marketing research Free Essays

For starting any new business, a great source of information about product research, manufacturing methods,   market conditions and demand for new product in the market and whether the new business would be appealing to customers as well to the entrepreneur are some of the basic concepts that an entrepreneur must study in detail before venturing into a new business. Whether it is a safety pin or an ear cleaning bud, every thing is a matter of choice and pride for a customer. Keeping this fact in view, an entrepreneur must carefully launch the chosen product into market and make a big success by satisfying and meeting the requirement of a customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business is always a dual procedure of give-n-take-n-give, generally explaining whereas in business language buy-sell and demand-supply.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the scenario of business has changed in these globalized times, the fundamental concepts of business and approach to starting a new business did not change in any manner and in fact more market research has been done to understand the psychology of a customer and the up and down trends of markets. â€Å"The systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data relating to the marketing of goods and services†. (The American Marketing Association AMA, 1961)   Another way of explaining the term â€Å"marketing research† would be   acquisition of information by entrepreneurs through the medium of conducting surveys, collecting opinions, evaluation of marketing performance and assessing the trend of product market in every particular area.   Marketing research is performed in order to provide a view to entrepreneurs as to where to start the business and at which level i.e. at manufacturing level or marketing level   . Manufacturing level brings new products into the market whereas only marketing  level, brings another brand of product to compete with the existing brands in the market.   In this paper, entrepreneur is venturing into the business   of manufacture of disposable shower caps in spite of the fact that this product is already existing in the market.   The basic reason for launching this business is, the demand and consumer market for shower caps is greater than the present supply. Entrepreneur would like to manufacture and supply shower caps   at a low cost. Market research on shower caps indicates there are huge number of companies in many countries, viz., U.S, Europe, Japan and in many Asian countries. Considering the fact that globally there is a billion population, a total head count of one billion heads require shower caps while taking   a shower. The capacity of existing manufacturing   companies is definitely not   in a position to meet the demand of shower caps and with this analysis, entrepreneur would like to launch into this business offering two big advantages to the customers. The first being the pricing of disposal shower caps would be at $0.50 cents whereas the present market price of a shower cap is quoted at $1.50 for each piece and for three piece set it is quoted $1.00. [1]   These shower caps are beautifully designed in various colors whereas the present entrepreneur would be using a polythene sheet material   which is easy to use and low in pricing easily affordable for every customer which is the pricing is quoted at $0.50 cents.   Further these shower caps branded as â€Å"takeoff† are marketed to various retails shops of personal care products, offering a 10ml bathing gel as a free gift in the initial stage of its launch and later after a period of six months, for every purchase of six piece of shower cap the price would be $2.50 cents i.e. a discount of $0.50 cents on every bulk pack of shower cap. These shower caps can be used for children, young boy and girls apart from men and women and even elderly and ageing people can use for many purposes of dyeing hair, coloring hair or in conditioning hair styles apart from using in regular showers. The above discussion details about the present market trend of shower caps and the margin of success of entrepreneur receives when new brand of â€Å"takeoff† shower caps are launched into the market whereas entrepreneur must collect data about competitors pricing, method of manufacturing, markets and areas covered and the psychology of consumer. Further entrepreneur must also collect data about the opinions of customers by survey of these disposable shower caps   to find out how satisfying and attractive these shower caps are apart from its usage and pricing.   SWOT analysis , study of 4Ws and 1H (what, when, where, why and How) 4P’s of marketing product, place, price and promotion and sources of financing.   This is the primary requirement for starting a new business. An in-depth study of marketing research is more benefiting for the entrepreneur with the fact that, even for launching new personal care products in future, this marketing research would be more useful in creating successful market, satisfying customers and in making profits from business. Successful marketing research do not conclude a fact that there are no warning areas which turn a business into a failure either in manufacturing, finances or in consumer market.   Therefore, keeping these sensitive areas of failure, entrepreneur has to be   cautious in following marketing research by test-check methods in order to prevent critical areas   and to stabilize the product in the market.   Further, it is required to understand the trend of market   for present and for future and accordingly launch product into the market.   For instance, what are the marketing strategies,   what are the forecasting figures of sales for a period of one year or two years, how to launch advertising, is it required, or door-to-door campaign and selling is suitable for this product, how to appoint marketing executives, such as these important issues have to be clearly analyzed by entrepreneur in marketing research. Especially marketing strategies and marketing concepts have to be analyzed in terms of launching a product into the market, such as entry timing,   risk concepts,   sinking-the-boat-risk,   missing-the-boat-risk and models of marketing strategies such as marketing decisions, marketing training, product portfolio, customer portfolio and mapping techniques.   It is also important to consider here that the budget for market research should be proportionate to the significance and finance of business that is being invested by the entrepreneur. Theoretically there are two approaches to marketing research. (1) quantitative (2) qualitative   Quantitative marketing research begins with â€Å"how many† or â€Å"how much† whereas qualitative marketing research begins with â€Å"why† or â€Å"how†.   Quantitative research considers decisions by conducting surveys whereas qualitative research considers decisions based on observations or opinion feedback or conversation with customers. Conclusion A clear data collection about market, interests and opinions from customers, goals and objectives of business would first stabilize the business in the market, and at   gradual pace business picks up whatever may be category of product that is launched into the market. References David J. Snepenger,   Marketing Research for Entrepreneurs and Small Business Managers Accessed February 2, 2008 Paul Reynolds, Marketing Made Simple Accessed February 1, 2008 from   http://books.google.com/books?id=yU9Aym_haLcCpg=PA190lpg=PA190dq=market+research+made+easysource=webots=vALv-ddcH_sig=_rtZnnjA9xX52dFr8OyCtskHesU [1] http://pc-link.biz/shower/ How to cite Marketing research, Essays Marketing research Free Essays Behavioral data about customers actions and interaction with the organization e. G. They are data about consumers’ buying habits, brand preferences, and product usage. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing research or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Volunteered data surveys and questionnaires 3. Attributed data from marketing research studies. They are data that represents an individual characteristic or a count. Examples : the presence or absence of a required label on a product, no. Of people goes to movie no average or ranking 4. Profile data linking with other sources stereographic profiling systems, lifestyle databases unit 9 P. 95 Let me show you an example of a SPAS data set – a collection of related information This is the role to provide high quality of information to management. Unit 9 3/17 Socializing status Age Martial Status Education Occupation Income Living location Frequency of traveling per month Frequency of watching movie in cinema Expenditure on wine Use of technology What kinds of mobile phone do you use? Unit 94/17 The Integration of Marketing Research 1 Customer databases 2 Customer databases are very important because of the following reasons. As a source of marketing intelligence On customer purchase behavior Customer loyalty (length of relationship, value) Customer response to marketing communications, new products, price changes Data Gathering Discover Hidden Pattern Includes information from other internal sources, such as: sales, customer satisfaction, complaints, advertising spend, previous promotional campaigns, previous research studies Now Traditionally Let me show you an example Still prevalent but now feeding the databases As marketing decision support systems creates an interactive system to assist in analysis of marketing issues through: doodling, trends, forecasts, statistical evaluation real-time reports and critical incident alerts by computer How do we collect and handle data ? Survey Observation Databases identify respondents and topics Make Forecast Hard Copy Outdated Describe Facts unit 9 5/17 Database Customers Competitors Markets There is new term to replace this in Not Necessary now !! Why ? World it is Credit cards, Octopus cards, online shopping, Internet from text in Wilson (2006) by McLeod 2010 Adapted surfing can all record our shopping behavior. Unit 96/17 Marketing Research 2 In the past, surveys were used to get information on customer behavior, awareness levels, attitudes Now, organizations often hold significant amounts of data on customers In conducting market research, marketing information should analyze the macro as well as micro environment. How to cite Marketing research, Essays Marketing Research Free Essays Layout 1. Introduction of coca cola beverage (discovery ,formation ,business etc ) 2. Product mix (name of products and there discriptions ) 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pricing strategies 4. Product life cycle for coke 5. Conclusion Intro India has proved to be perhaps the toughest battle ground for the Cola giants. Coca-Cola was the 1st international soft drinks brand to enter India in early 1970’s. Indian market was dominated by domestic brands, with Limca being the largest selling brand. Cola was the largest selling flavor with market share of 40%, Lemon drinks 31% and orange drinks only 19%. Up till 1977, Coca-cola was the leading soft drink brand in India. But due to norms set by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), Coca-Cola left India and did not return till 1993 after a 16 year absence from the Indian beverage market. FERA needed Coca-Cola to reveal its secret concentrate formula as well as reduce its equity stake which was not acceptable. The Coca-Cola Company re-entered India through its wholly owned subsidiary, Coca-Cola India Private Limited and re-launched Coca-Cola in 1993 after the opening up of the Indian economy to foreign investments in 1991. Since then its operations have grown rapidly through a model that supports bottling operations, both company owned as well as locally owned and includes over 7,000 Indian distributors and more than 1. 7 million retailers. Today, our brands are the leading brands in most beverage segments. The Coca-Cola Company’s brands in India include Coca-Cola, Fanta Orange, Limca, Sprite, Thums Up, Burn, Kinley, Maaza, Minute Maid Pulpy Orange, Minute Maid Nimbu Fresh and the Georgia Gold range of teas and coffees and Vitingo (a beverage fortified with micro-nutrients). In India, the Coca-Cola system comprises of a wholly owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company namely Coca-Cola India Pvt Ltd which manufactures and sells concentrate and beverage bases and powdered beverage mixes, a Company-owned bottling entity, namely, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt Ltd; thirteen authorized bottling partners of The Coca-Cola Company, who are authorized to prepare, package, sell and distribute beverages under certain specified trademarks of The Coca-Cola Company; and an extensive distribution system comprising of our customers, distributors and retailers. Coca-Cola India Private Limited sells concentrate and beverage bases to authorized bottlers who are authorized to use these to produce our portfolio of beverages. These authorized bottlers independently develop local markets and distribute beverages to grocers, small retailers, supermarkets, restaurants and numerous other businesses. In turn, these customers make our beverages available to consumers across India. The Coca-Cola Company has invested nearly USD 2 billion in its operations in India since its re-entry back into India in 1992. The Coca-Cola system in India directly employs over 25,000 people including those on contract. The system has created indirect employment for more than 1,50,000 people in related industries through its vast procurement, supply and distribution system. We strive to ensure that our work environment is safe and inclusive and that there are plentiful opportunities for our people in India and across the world. The beverage industry is a major driver of economic growth. A National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) study on the carbonated soft-drink industry indicates that this industry has an output multiplier effect of 2. . This means that if one unit of output of beverage is increased, the direct and indirect effect on the economy will be twice of that. In terms of employment, the NCAER study notes that â€Å"an extra production of 1000 cases generates an extra employment of 410 man days. † Product mix Product pricing the pricing Strategy a business will use will have t o focus on achieving the marketing plan’s objectives and support the positioning of the product, and take external factors such as economic conditions and competitors in to account. There are 5 strategies available to business: Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Loss leaders, Price Points and Discounts. Over the years Coca Cola has used Penetration Pricing as a way of grabbing a foothold in the market and won a market share. It’s product penetrated the marketplace. Once customer loyalty is established as seen with Coca Cola it is then able to slowly raise the price of its product. There has been a fierce pricing rivalry between Coca Cola and Pepsi products as each company competes for customer recognition and satisfaction. Till now it appears as if Coke has come up on top, although in order to gain long term profits Coke had to sacrifise short term profits where in some cases it either went under of just broke even, but as seen it has been all for the best. Pricing Methods Good pricing decisions are based on an analysis of what target customers expect to pay, and what they perceive as good quality. If the price is too high, consumers will spend their money on other goods and services. If the price is too low, the firm can lose money and go out of business. Pricing methods include: Cost based Pricing, Market based pricing and Competition based Pricing. Over the years Coca has lost ground here in it’s pricing but has regained it’s strength as it employed the Competition-based pricing method which allowed it to compete more effectively in the soft drink market. Leader follower pricing occurs when there is one quite powerful business in the market which is thought to be the market leader. The business will tend to have a larger market share, loyal customers and some technological edge, thus the case currently with Coke, it was first the follower but through effective management has now become the leader of the market and is working towards achieving the marketing objectives of the Coca Cola. Survival in the market place, own 60 % of market share by 2007, increase further awareness of product and a return on 20% on capital employed for August 2007. Coca-Cola is a behemoth of an organisation with over 3,500 products expanding to over 200 countries. The success of Coke is in part because of its successful pricing strategies. Coca-Cola’s strategies include stabilising prices, unveiling customised products to new markets and engaging in price discrimination. Hedging The primary ingredients of Coca-Cola’s most popular beverage, Coke, include corn syrup and sugar. One of its pricing strategies is hedging corn, which can be a volatile commodity. When droughts occur, farming regulations change or the dollar grows weaker, the price of any commodity can swing wildly. These fluctuations create instability for businesses reliant on the commodity as a main input for their productions. By locking in the price of this commodity, the business removes the uncertainty of changing prices due to market forces. Coca-Cola hedges corn syrup by establishing a price in advance, thereby keeping the value of the commodity stable. Michael Czinkota, author of â€Å"Fundamentals of International Business,† explains how Coca-Cola hedges foreign currency as well — in 2000, its strategy yielded ? 56 million in additional revenue. Seasonal Pricing Coca-Cola changes the price of its products depending on the season. Soda goes on sale during Thanksgiving, Super Bowl Sunday, Fourth of July and other holidays. This is in part because competitors lower prices during this time as a way to get customers to purchase their products. Additionally, grocery stores lower the price of soda during these times because of its high profit margin. By getting consumers in the store to purchase Coke at a discount, the store hopes they will buy other items on the shelves. Thus, a common pricing strategy of Coke is capitalising on the increased consumer demand during these occasions by lowering prices. Plc When referring to each and every product or service ever placed before the consumer i. e. in the long term all the existing products and services are dead. For e. g. – Replacement of Ford Cortina ( a highly successful car) by Ford Sierra, the replacement of sierra by the Ford Mondeo and the replacement of the old Mondeo by the new Mondeo in 2001. So every product is born, grows, matures and dies. So in the commercial market place products and services are created, launched and withdrawn in a process known as Product Life Cycle. To be able to market its product properly, a business must be aware of the product life cy cle of its product. The standard product life cycle tends to have five phases: Development, Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. Coca-Cola is currently in the maturity stage, which is evidenced primarily by the fact that they have a large, loyal group of stable customers. Furthermore, cost management, product differentiation and marketing have become more important as growth slows and market share becomes the key determinant of profitability. In foreign markets the product life cycle is in more of a growth trend Coke’s advantage in this area is mainly due to its establishment strong branding and it is now able to use this area of stable profitability to subsidize the domestic Cola Wars. Insert the picture of the product lifecycle Coca-Cola is currently going through the maturity stage. This maturity stage lasts longer than all other stages. Management has to pay special attention to products during this stage of the product life-cycle. Since its beginning in the spring of 1886 Coca-Cola has become the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world. Created in Atlanta, Georgia by Dr. John S. Pemberton, Coca-Cola was first offered as a fountain beverage by mixing Coca-Cola syrup with carbonated water. The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverages in the world. The Company and its subsidiaries employ nearly 31,000 people around the world. Its headquarters is in Atlanta, Georgia During the maturity stage, products usually go through a slowdown in sales growth. According to Coca-Cola’s 2001 annual report, sales have increased by 1. 02% compared to last year. This percentage has no comparison to the high level of growth Coca-Cola enjoyed during its growth stage. Conclusion How to cite Marketing Research, Essays Marketing Research Free Essays If research in the management area cannot be 100 percent scientific, why bother to do it at all? Comment on this statement Research in the management area that is dealing with human behavior cannot be 100 percent scientific. However, such research is necessary and useful for detecting problems and coming up with solutions to ensure that problems do not get out of control. Management research makes a valuable contribution in as much that it can help organizations function smoothly and effectively and help managers and individuals at all levels in experience a better organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Critique the following research done in a service industry as to the extent to which it meets the hallmarks of scientific investigation discussed. The problem had to be attended to very quickly and the results are expected to be fairly accurate with at least 85 percent chance of success in problem solving. Purposiveness : The phone company has started with a definite aim or purpose for the research. The purpose is to improve telephone service because of a complaint. The company wanted to pinpoint the specific problems and take corrective action. Rigor : A good theoretical base and a sound methodological design would add rigor to a purposive study. The company did not get too much into the theoretical basis. The theory was developed based on existing circumstances. So it cannot be considered in the terms of rigor. Testability : Valid if, after talking to a random selection of employees of the organization and study of the previous research done in the area takes place. However, we cannot be sure since the basic theory is developed by the company. Replicability : These experiments can be applied to other companies that have a similar problem, but the truth is still questionable because real theory is not yet known. Precision and confidence : Precision and confidence is still in doubt because the theory used is not yet the ultimate theory and has not been proven true. Objectivity : The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective. According to the research, the theory developed includes objective data sample consisting of 100 costumers. Generalizability : It refers to the scope of applicability of the research finding in one organizational setting to other settings. This experiment can be used for companies that have similar problems. Parsimory : Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problems that occur, and in generating solutions for the problems. The experiment is simple when viewed from the manner of workmanship and the number of samples. How to cite Marketing Research, Papers Marketing Research Free Essays Are people aware who Jim Mitchell is? Do people know Jim Mitchell intentions/goals for running? Who are the other candidates running for governor? How many registered voters are in the state? On a scale from 1-10, what is your intention on voting? 2. The purpose of the research project should assess whether the company should change the product line and focus more toward the young buyer generation. What is the buying power for the young generation? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. The research purpose of this study should show why Crystal-Clear Lens has not en able to obtain breakable sales after being in the market for more than 5 years. B. The research purpose comprises an understanding between the manager and the researcher of identifying problems or opportunities that need to be studied, decision alternatives that need to be evaluated, and users of the research results. The research objective is a statement of what information Is needed. In this case, the purpose of the research Is to show why the reasons why the company has not been able to meet sales/breakable. The research objective will provide a solution/ opportunity to the problem. C. Are people aware of Crystal-Clear Lens? Is there any coupons being offered for first time customers? Does Crystal-Clear Lens have any partnerships with opticians? Is Crystal-Clear Lens offering express mail? What customers are you targeting? D. Hypothesis: If people are not aware of Crystal-Clear Lens, advertising to customers will be a good Idea to create awareness. Hypothesis: Coupons are a great Incentive to get people to go to your store. Customers love the Idea of getting a good deal. Chapter 4 4. Moving forward with the exploratory study, I would use qualitative research to show how the new, automatic Inventory control procedure will be beneficial for the company. I would ask the following questions: How can our service be Improved? What are some ways we can manage production effectively? 10. I think the descriptive design would be the most appropriate for this case. Research purpose: The purpose of the study Is to show If the new flavored Ice cream will be a successful product. Research questions: What kind of Ice cream does the premium market buy and who buys our brand? What Is our current Image? Where do people buy our products? Hypothesis: Older people buy our brand, whereas the younger generation buy from competitors. Marketing Research By chunkymunky726 1. Are people aware who Jim Mitchell is? Research objective is a statement of what information is needed. In this case, the purpose of the research is to show why the reasons why the company has not been will be a good idea to create awareness. Hypothesis: Coupons are a great incentive to get people to go to your store. Customers love the idea of getting a good deal. Show how the new, automatic inventory control procedure will be beneficial for the company. I would ask the following questions: How can our service be improved? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to show if the new flavored ice cream will be a successful product. Research questions: What kind of ice cream does the premium market buy and who buys our brand? What is our current image? How to cite Marketing Research, Essays

Teen Pregnancy Causes, Effects and Prevention

Table of Contents Introduction Causes Socioeconomic Effects Prevention Conclusion Introduction Teenage pregnancy is the pregnancy of underage girls during their adolescent period, normally between the ages of 13 to 19 but this range varies depending on the age of the menarche and the legal age of adulthood, which varies from one country to another. The rate of teen pregnancy is on the rise world wide due to changing lifestyles and increased fertility rate hence raising lot of social and economic concerns in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy: Causes, Effects and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Causes The possible causes and predisposing factors of teenage pregnancies are early marriages, sexual activity during adolescence, inadequate sex education, sexual abuse, pornography, drug abuse, lower education levels, and high poverty levels. Socioeconomic Effects Teenage pregnanc ies results into the dropouts of the teenage girls from schools. The dropouts mostly affect high school girls due to the dominant peer pressure factors and inadequate sex education. The education of teenage a girl is significantly affected because she must drop out of school in order to prepare and take care of her baby. Statistics shows that, the teenage pregnancy is the major reason for the young girls’ dropouts in high school. These dropouts have great negative impacts on the education potential and the bright future of the girl child. Teenage pregnancies are prone to many obstetrics complications as compared to mature women due to physiological and morphological factors. These complications demands extra healthcare attention that is very expensive, especially to the poor families. There are also serious health’s risks associated with teen pregnancies that can permanently affect the health of a teenage mother if there is no consultation of a professional obstetricia n during delivery. Social stigma and stress negatively affects the self-esteem of a pregnant teenage. When a teenage becomes pregnant, she develops fears about unplanned pregnancy, becomes frustrated, and begins to lose self-esteem and hope, as it seems to her that she has reached a premature destiny of her life. The pregnant teen has fears of disclosing her pregnancy to any one not even his boyfriend who impregnates her, because she is worried about what they will say about her pregnancy condition. She develops stigma and confusion wondering on what kind of image she will portray to his friends, family, and teachers. She contemplates on the options of either disclosing the bad news and keep her pregnancy or keep the secret and do abortion.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prevention Schools are required to develop programs and workshops that will provide opportunity to the students to develop their youth positively and become busy as idle minds are devils workshops. Drug abuse and pornography should not be allowed in school because it encourages early sexual activity in teens. Girls need skills on how to avoid and protect themselves against predisposing factors and situations that prove to be very dangerous to their safety. Sex education will enable girls make their informed decisions and be responsible to their own actions and consequences. Conclusion Teen pregnancy is a major problem affecting girl child education worldwide. The increased teenage pregnancy rate is due to the change in lifestyles such as availability of pornography, drug abuse, peer pressure, increased fertility, and poverty. Teenage pregnancy poses many challenges to the families and education system translating into serious socioeconomic problems in the society that need immediate attention to address. Teenagers are young and quite innocent on the consequences of teenage pregnancies, so they need proper parental and school guidance on the knowledge of sexuality and pregnancy. This essay on Teen Pregnancy: Causes, Effects and Prevention was written and submitted by user Selena Cunningham to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bedouin Changes essays

Bedouin Changes essays Bedouins are nomads recognized by their lifestyle, specific dialects, social structure and culture. It is estimated that Bedouins only make up about ten percent of the Middle East population. They are a rural people: they herd sheep, goats, camels and cattle. Another source of their income has to do with handicrafts. In Abu Lughods article Honor and Shame she writes about the Bedouin culture and the new hardships that culture is trying to endure. The new generation of Bedouins is trying to break loose from their old customs in order to become modern like the Egyptians. Abu Lughod an Anthropologist is concerned about the new generation of Bedouins. The new generation is more concerned of being modernized rather than following the traditional way of Bedouin life. Abu Lughod went to Egypt and lived with the Bedouins; she had encountered a bright young Bedouin girl called Kamla she was the daughter of the tribes chieftain. Kamla is a bright young girl who has been educated; it is rare for a Bedouin girl to be educated because it is against their beliefs. According to the Bedouins the woman are there to take care of the children and the house work. Abu Lughod examines Kamla and how she thinks about the Bedouin way of life. Kamla is young a naive according to Abu Lughods study. Kamla does not really enjoy her culture and wants to be more like an Egyptian girl. Abu Lughod states most of the time, though, she says she wants to get out. I worry about Kamlas blithe confidence that life in the city will be so much better... I argue with Kamla that she delib erately ignores the richness of their relationships and the way they have always struggled back (51). Kamla ignores the richness of her own culture and does not see the great bonds that Bedouin women have that Egyptian dont. Abu Lughod hopes Kamla realizes how fragile her culture is and she hopes some day Kamla will realize the great bon...

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Compare And Contrast Different Organisational Structures And Cultures

Compare And Contrast Different Organisational Structures And Cultures Introduction Organisations are complex, social systems which seek to make the best use of people as a vital and essential resource, especially in today’s increasingly dynamic, globalised and competitive environment (Mullins, 2010: 3–9). They posses distinct identities, which are developed and shaped from a mix of how they choose to create, present and market their business to the world, the type of services and/or products provided and the culture that emerges as a consequence (Clegg et al, 2011, 14-16). Organisational structure should be driven by corporate strategy and the resulting objectives and tasks in order to facilitate the delivery of: Economic and efficient business performance; Performance management and the monitoring of activities; Accountability; Co-ordination across the business; Flexibility and adaptability providing a framework for change and innovation (Hayes, 2010: 270-282); Social satisfaction for those working within the organisation. (Fineman et al, 2010: 1-12). Therefore, organisations are systematically arranged frameworks seeking to create a unified, organic body which relates people, key business assets, knowledge and intellectual property in a design that aims to achieve specific goals (Clegg et al, 2011: 666). Basic models of organisational structure which have evolved in an effort to balance these factors are illustrated in Appendix 1. However, to be successful organisations must not operate in isolation from the environment that surrounds them (Morgan, 2006: 38–42), and some of the key aspects to consider are highlighted in Appendix 2. One of the most complex factors is that of culture – comprised of the habits, values, mores and ways of acting – by which people identify themselves and others (Clegg et al, 2011: 216). Organisational culture therefore relates to those patterns of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organisation’s history, and which tend to be manifested in its material arrangements and the behaviours of its members (Brown, 1998: 9; Schein, 2010: 7-21). The important, though often intangible, cultural aspects of an organisation ultimately shape which levers of power and influence are the most effective in driving individual and group behaviours, ultimately affecting business performance and success (Linstead et al, :149–194). These factors are summarised in Appendix 3. In essence, culture can be regarded as being the personality of an organisation and as it shapes how people feel it is not something that can be easily managed (Stacey, 2011: 78-89). Organisational structures (particularly those imposed or developed during a period of change) that do not consider these cultural aspects can generate discontent, inefficiency, resistance and resentment from employees (Cunliffe, 2008: 45–68). Consequently, it is vital to reflect upon culture when considering organisational design as the informal structures that result are as important as the formal mechanisms and management arrangements created (Schein, 2010: 177-196). Ultimately, the decisions, actions and major developments of organisations are influenced and determined by shifting coalitions of individuals attempting to protect or enhance their own interests (Burnes, 2009: 197). Comparing organisational structures In developing the organisational designs outlined in Appendix 1, key factors must be considered which will shape the structural decisions taken. These are: Scale. Whilst larger organisations can benefit from efficiencies built around economies of scale, the greater complexity involved in managing large numbers of people with less likelihood of direct interpersonal contact often calls for more sophisticated organisational designs. Technology. This is the combination of resources, knowledge and techniques that creates an organisation’s products or services. The match between structure and technology – the technological imperative – is vital to maintain competitive advantage in modern business. For example, successful mass production operations have rigid structures built around large working groups. Environment. A successful business understands that they need to receive various inputs from the environment within which they operate and also sell their outputs into this environment. Structures therefore need to recognise factors such as global economics/markets, suppliers and competitors. Strategy. Organisational strategy – the process of positioning the organisation in its competitive environment and implementing actions to compete successfully – shapes design. Developing the organisation’s unique selling point or market differentiation by building a structure that protects and develops key competences is a critical issue if business growth is to be maintained. (French et al, 2008: 330–334) Consequently, in considering the relative merits of the structures shown in Appendix 1, the following observations can be made: Functional structure Organisations built around functional structures deliver clear task assignments which can be easily aligned to the skills and training of individuals and teams ((Stewart et al, 1999: 82-88). The structure is easy to explain to employees, suppliers and customers whilst also facilitating internal communications and problem solving as knowledge pools are recognised and shared. Importantly, such structures also assist in the development of leaders and managers as functional peers and superiors are clearly identified and should be accessible (French et al, 2008: 348). Unfortunately, such functional approaches can lead to the growth of sectional interests which may conflict with the needs of the organisation as a whole (Cole Kelly, 2011: 251). In focussing on the organisation’s functional hierarchy for direction and reinforcement, individuals and teams can lose sight of the importance of products, services or clients – the leadership is drawn into cross-functional problems (Adair, 2002: 17-25). As a consequence, conflict between functional units can increase with internal communications becoming ever more complex as they attempt to minimise such issues (French et al, 2008: 348). Product structure Large organisations with a wide product or service range are often attracted to a product-based structure as it can be more responsive to technological change as people are grouped on the basis of their expertise (and supporting infrastructure) within a particular unit (Hayes, 2010: 87-104). Such an approach also enables/supports rapid diversification and skills expansion in that additional product or service areas can be incorporated relatively easily (Cole Kelly, 2011: 251). This organisational methodology can introduce unnecessary internal competition between business units as certain product groups are promoted to the detriment of other elements of the organisation (Nadler Tushman, 1997: 71-88). Senior managers are faced with the challenge of controlling such behaviour whilst also recognising that the associated incentive and reward structures are inevitably built around the success of individual product lines (Burnes, 2009: 104–106). Geographic structure Large national or multi-national entities face significant logistical and communication challenges and this usually makes some kind of regional or area structure essential for effective decision making and control (Nadler Tushman, 1997: 59-70). Whilst this produces the benefits associated with a more decentralised approach (such as a focus on local customers and being responsive to regional market pressures), it does cause concern for senior managers seeking to set a unified corporate direction (Linstead et al, 2011: 225–226). Significant leadership and senior management effort must be spent on visiting geographically dispersed business elements in order to maintain personal relationships through face-to-face contact, thus avoiding corrosive and self-defeating internal competition (French et al, 2008: 350). Vertical specialisation The structures outlined above provide a clear separation of authority and activities on the basis of hierarchical ranking within the organisation. The chain of command created – on the basis of vertical specialisation – ensures that senior leaders plan and set the overall strategy with specific lower-level guidelines, and metrics issued for the implementation of that strategy (Morgan, 2006: 24–25, 104). Those organisations with many levels of hierarchy and control are considered as being â€Å"tall†, whilst those with only a few levels are described as being â€Å"flat† (French et al, 2008: 343). It is usually the case that the flatter structures allow greater decentralisation of decision-making and autonomy through the organisation whilst the taller structures focus on tighter, closer control mechanisms. The most effective balance for the organisation concerned must recognise the critical success factors set, the operating environment of the business and the existing corporate culture in relation to the perceived culture required (Mullins, 2010: 508–512; Stacey, 2011: 94-105). Unity of command, span of control and sensemaking As well as addressing the requirements of vertical specialisation, functional, product and geographic structures also seek to apply two key tenets of classical management theory: Unity of Command – an employee should receive orders and direction from only one superior. Span of Control – the number of people reporting to one superior must not be so large that it creates problems of communication and coordination. (Morgan, 2006: 19) These aspects are shaped by the organisations sensemaking abilities i.e. the skills and competences of managers to make sense of what they do (Clegg et al, 2011: 668). Sensemaking is a complex issue involving: Social context – considering the actual, implied or imagined views or presence of others; Personal Identity – a personal or group view of who they are (and their organisational identity); Retrospection – this is important within organisations, as sometimes the most important decisions are the least visible initially. Salient cues managers using past experiences and relating them to current scenarios in order to shape their actions and attitudes. Ongoing projects – what structure or patterns exist within the organisation to allow managers the time and space to review and reflect upon an issue and change direction or tempo if necessary. Plausibility – developing enough meaning to drive forward with a project. Enactment – The ability to react and shape or amend an evolving situation. Drafting and Doing – the ability to understand an emerging business scenario and then isolate key themes in order to understand what is going on. (Clegg et al, 2011: 22) Given these complexities, many organisations are seeking to develop mixed structures which seek to obtain the benefits potentially provided by the functional, product and geographical forms of organisation whilst also recognising the importance of these inter-personal aspects (Morgan, 2006: 50–52). Appendix 1 illustrates two models that aim to do so – Divisional and Matrix structures. Divisional structure A divisional structure seeks to overcome the problems associated with product or geographic diversity as each division can respond to the specific requirements of its product or market strategy (Johnson et al, 2011: 434). Divisional managers have greater personal ownership of their strategies and their teams, allowing for the development of competences focussed on a particular product range, technology area or customer grouping (Henry, 2011: 318–319). A divisional structure also provides significant flexibility as organisations can add, close or merge divisions as circumstances change (Johnson et al, 2011: 435). Whilst delivering a flexible and responsive organisation, a divisional structure does present a business with three key disadvantages: Divisions can become too autonomous, operating as independent businesses but introducing inefficiency by duplicating the functions and costs of the corporate centre. Personal and team identity is rooted in the division rather than the wider business, inhibiting cooperation, knowledge sharing and fragmenting expertise. Divisions can end up pursing their own strategies regardless of the needs of the corporate centre which loses control and is only able to add minimal value to the operation (Cole Kelly 2011:251–252). Matrix structure A matrix organisation seeks to overlay a horizontal structure based on products, projects, business activities or geographic area upon the more traditional vertical specialisation structure (Clegg et al 2011: 544). This introduces dual or even multiple lines of authority and responsibility in an effort to deliver flexibility in relation to the forming of project teams, improve the utilisation of resources and to encourage cross-functional cooperation (Linstead et al, 2011: 216–218). The vertical specialisation is seen as enduring, with the horizontal interaction often regarded as being temporary with the relationships dissolved as activities or projects are completed (Pettigrew Fenton, 2000: 117–143; Wall Minocha, 2010: 319–321). However, unless carefully controlled, matrix management complicates the unity of command and span of control aspects previously discussed (Morgan, 2006: 19). Without clear boundaries, organisational conflict between functional and project managers can emerge, the autonomy of line managers can be eroded and decision making becomes more inefficient leading to increased overheads (Clegg et al, 2011: 545). Organisational culture Having recognised that organisations do not operate in a vacuum and that it is important to create a structure that maximises the business return from the environment within which it operates, it is important to consider how culture (the shared ways of thinking and behaving) shapes success (Cole Kelly, 2011: 590). Eight cultural characteristics have been identified as being critical for organisational success: A bias for action – doing rather than discussing; Staying close to the customer – learning about their requirements and meeting them in full; Autonomy and entrepreneurship – being encouraged to think; Productivity through people – recognising and rewarding best efforts; Hands on – executives keeping in touch and displaying corporate values; Core competences – focussed on what you do best; Simplicity where possible – lean organisations with the fewest possible layers; Loose-tight properties – focussed on core values whilst allowing tolerance to explore and challenge. (Peters Waterman, 1982: 89-318) In shaping an organisation in an attempt to maximise the potential return from these cultural characteristics, it is sensible to recognise the origins of corporate culture which are essentially: The societal or national culture within which an organisation is physically situated. For large, multi-national organisations this introduces the challenge of understanding and incorporating different and cultural frameworks; The vision, management style and personality of an organisation’s founder or dominant leader; The type of business an organisation conducts and the nature of its business environment. (Brown, 1998: 42) Culture is therefore about an organisations history, stories, language and values rather than the application of theoretical models (Cunliffe, 2008: 55). Culture in the organisational context becomes a critical success factor because: It shapes the image that key stakeholders (including customers) have of the company and can become a crucial element of product or business differentiation within a market segment; It influences performance as a positive culture (supporting the image and success of the business) that is essential to meeting corporate goals and the requirements of the wider business environment. A negative or counter-culture – such as that which could emerge during a period of restructuring – can work against organisational effectiveness; It provides direction, as mission, vision and values statements identify where the business is going and how it plans to get there. A culture that creates a shared ownership of goals and which guides decision making can reduce the need for direct control because people know what is expected of them, how to behave and what they will be rewarded for. It can attract and retain skilled and motivated staff. Strong cultures can have a powerful effect on the behaviour and commitment of employees. (Cunliffe, 2008: 58–59) In terms of cultural analysis, three levels of review can be considered: Observable culture, often described as â€Å"the way things are done†, which are often the methods, rituals, ceremonies and symbols used to impart an organisations shared values and approaches to new members (such as within induction programmes); Shared values, often manifested through statements aimed at delivering direction and cohesion and underpinned by identifiers such as the wearing of a uniform; Common assumptions i.e. the accepted truths (often implicit and unspoken) that members of an organisation share as a result of their joint experiences. (French et al, 2008: 380–382) Attempts have been made to codify the core organisational cultures that are presented and the commonly found models are: Role Culture – focussed on rules, tasks, procedures and job descriptions; Power Culture – power exercised by a central figure with few formal rules; Person Culture – the organisation exists for the benefit of its members; Process Culture – the following of highly regulated processes; Tough-guy Culture – driven by the need to take quick decisions, underpinned by risk-taking and a competitive ethos; Work Hard/Play Hard Culture – aiming to balance performance with work-place enjoyment; Bet-Your-Company Culture – a long-term outlook built upon significant (early) investment; Bureaucratic Culture – a focus on consistency, control, efficiency and conformity; Clan Culture – focussed on commitment, involvement, teamwork and participation; Task/Mission Culture – goal oriented with rewards based on achieving mission and goals; Adaptability Culture – focussed on flexibility, innovation, risk-taking, empowerment and learning. (French et al, 2008: 394–395; Cunliffe, 2008: 65, Cole Kelly, 2011: 146-149) If strategies are to be developed that may change the structure of an organisation then it will also be necessary to potentially challenge and change the underpinning culture (Hayes, 2010: 438-447) – considering purely rational processes such as planning and resource allocation will not be enough (Johnson et al, 2011: 181). However, dangers do exist when conducting any analysis of organisational culture as it is too easy to over-simplify or even trivialise the issues involved – it is not something that can be reduced to a few traits, easily linked to performance issues or readily managed (Johnson et al, 2011: 182). Managers can shape culture through vision and value statements, supported by their own actions and expectations and this includes the organisational structure applied (Cunliffe, 2008: 67). The power levers to be applied within the organisation and the cultural interaction that results should also be considered (see Appendix 3). However, perspectives on culture will influence the corporate view as to its relevance and importance to the sustainable success of the business and these views are essentially: Integration – the culture of the organisation is relatively clear, unambiguous and straightforward; Differentiation – recognising the existence of sub-cultures within groups that are not easily identified or understood and which can inhibit change or development initiatives if not addressed; Fragmentation – no real cultural consensus can be identified around which any business strategy or organisation can be built (Brown 1998: 296-297) Summary and conclusions Ultimately, organisational design is taken forward by corporate leaders and key decision makers whose choices are based upon their own predispositions (experiences, values and beliefs) (Cole and Kelly, 2011: 256, Nadler Tushman, 1997: 21). Therefore, although decisions are overtly based upon what is seen to be the best and most efficient construct for the business, in reality cultural factors prove to be just as important. Organisational culture is the basic assumption and beliefs shared by the members of an organisation, operating unconsciously and which help to define a company’s view of itself and its operating environment (Schein, 2010:219-234). Culture may contribute to the capabilities and strategic direction/effectiveness of an organisation, but it can also stifle necessary development and evolution if internal values and mores do not reflect external changes. Organisational structures and cultural influences can therefore both inform and constrain the strategic development and ultimately the competitiveness of a business In order to maintain competitive advantage and to avoid any strategic drift (where culture and organisational factors drive the business rather than the needs of customers and key stakeholders), both should be critically reviewed and their impact considered regularly by leaders and senior managers. References Adair, J. (2002). Effective Strategic Leadership, Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan Ltd. Brown, A. (1998). Organizational Culture, 2nd Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Burnes, B. (2009). Managing Change, 5th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Cole, G.A., Kelly, P. (2011). Management Theory and Practice, 7th Edition, Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2011). Managing Organizations: An Introduction to the Theory Practice, 3rd Edition, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Cunliffe, A.L. (2008). Organization Theory, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Fineman, S., Gabriel, Y., Sims, D. (2010). Organizing Organizations, 4th Edition, London: Sage Publications Ltd. French, R., Rayner, C., Rees, G., Rumbles, S. (2008). Organizational Behaviour, Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Hayes, J. (2010). The Theory and Practice of Change Management, 3rd Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Henry, A.E. (2011). Understanding Strategic Management, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K. (2011). Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Kakabadse, A., Ludlow R., Vinnicombe, S. (1988). Working in Organisations, Aldershot: Penguin. Linstead, S., Fulop, L., Lilley, S. (2009). Management Organization: A Critical Text, 2nd Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Morgan, G. (2006). Images of Organization, London: Sage Publications Ltd, Mullins, L.J. (2010). Management Organisational Behaviour, 9th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Nadler, D.A., Tushman, M.L. (1997). Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architecture, New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Peters, T.J., Waterman, R.H. (1982). In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best Run Companies, New York: Harper Row Inc. Pettigrew, A.M., Fenton, E.M. (2000). The Innovating Organization, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Schein, E.H. (2010). Organisational Culture and Leadership, 4th Edition, San Francisco: John Wiley Sons Inc. Stacey, R.D. (2011). Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics: The challenge of complexity to ways of thinking about organisations, 6 th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd Stewart, G.L., Manz, C.C., Sims, H.P. (1999). Team Work and Group Dynamics, New York: John Wiley Sons Inc. Wall, S., Minocha, S., Rees, B. (2010). International Business, 3rd Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. APPENDIX 1 MODELS AND ASPECTS OF ORGANISATIONAL